Wednesday, January 29, 2020
The Validity of the Developmental Theories Essay Example for Free
The Validity of the Developmental Theories Essay Introduction            Human nature and its varying and complex behaviors fascinate almost everyone. Although not all are inclined to be able to understand and explicate the details of individual personalities those who do find themselves in confusion many times why some people do things that are at times difficult to comprehend. However, the science of human behavior has indeed helped facilitate thus far, an understanding of human conduct and its nature at various lengths through the theories of human development by prominent theorists (Plotnik, 1996). This paper attempts validate their works by citing the researcher’s own personal timeline and/or development. For a proper and organized treatment of this paper, it will answer the following problem statements: What are the descriptions of Freud (psychosexual), Erikson (psychosocial), and Piaget’s (Cognitive) stages for childhood and adolescent years of development? Are developmental theories applicable to real-life and if so, based on your personal timeline, how (and if not, how not)? Discussion What are the descriptions of Freud (psychosexual), Erikson (psychosocial), and Piaget’s (Cognitive) stages for childhood and adolescent years of development?            Development does not end once a person reaches maturity, but continues throughout life. Developmental psychologists seek to describe ad analyze the regularities of human development across the entire life span. It focuses primarily on these aspects of development that make us similar to one another (Atkinson et al., 1993).            Sigmund Freud hypothesized that each of us goes through five psychosexual stages. These are five different developmental periods – oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages – during which the individual seeks pleasure from different areas of the body associated with sexual feelings. Freud emphasized that the child’s first five years are the most important to social and personality development (Atkinson et al, 1993). The stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages are controversial and highly debatable concepts which Freud originated. Freud pointed out that satisfying one of the child’s needs becomes a source of potential conflict between the child, who wants immediate gratification, and the parent, who places restrictions on when, where, and how the child’s needs should be satisfied. Freud believed that interactions between parent and child in satisfying these psychosexual needs for example, during breastfeeding or toilet training – greatly influence the child’s social development and future social interactions. Freud’s psychosexual stages are part of his larger psychoanalytic theory of personality (Hilgard et al., 1983, Atkinson, 1993).            Secondly, the psychosocial stage of development is best explained through the theory developed by Erik Erikson. According to Erik Erikson, a child will encounter different kinds of problems in infancy and childhood, which will shape one’s social and personality development. Erikson gave eight psychosocial stages. A child according to Erikson will encounter a particular psychosocial problem at each stage. If he successfully resolves the problem, he will develop a good social trait that will help him/her solve the next problem. If he/she is unsuccessful, he/she will develop a bad social trait that will hinder his or her solving a new problem at the next stage (Atkinson, 1993). His stages include Trust versus mistrust, Autonomy versus Shame doubt, Initiative versus guilt, Industry versus Inferiority, Identity versus Confusion, Intimacy versus Isolation, Generativity versus Stagnation, Integrity versus Despair, comprise each of the description of the periods and the potential problems that may arise during each of the particular period (Halonen Santrock, 1996).            Piaget’s theory of cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains an understanding of his or her world through the interaction and influence of genetic and learning factors. He has identified the cognitive stages and refers to four different stages – sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages – each of which is more advanced than the preceding stage because it involves new reasoning and thinking abilities (Piaget, 1963; Hurlock, 1964). Piaget’s work led to the current view that children are actively involved in their own cognitive development. By active involvement, Piaget meant that children are constantly striving to understand what they encounter, and in such encounters, they form their own guesses or hypotheses about how the world works (Hurlock, 1964). Are developmental theories applicable to real-life and if so, based on your personal timeline, how (and if not, how not)?            This paper just briefly introduced three differing explanations of certain aspects of human development and these were the currently accepted theoretical perspectives of human-behavior development. Relating these with the author’s personal development, yes, I could say that the developmental theories are in most cases applicable. Looking at my personal timeline, the observations and generalizations made by Freud, where the struggles in later years such as getting married at an earlier age, joining the army etc., were concerned, many of his concepts had pointedly identified those that are linked with during the early years of my development as compared to Freud’s five psychosexual stages. Terms like fixation and those that may have something to do with his conceptualization of instincts helped me understand many of my personal confusions regarding certain inner/internal struggles in my life (Halonen Santrock, 1996). In addition, Erikson’s description of the psychosocial stages where these are best illustrated during the adolescent years such as identity versus confusion, remembering those carefree years and the subsequent important transition and decision making abilities that need be developed helped me relate a lot to many of my adventures and misadventures as a youth, His apt and keen analysis of these stages helped me then and makes me feel at ease concerning  the anticipated times or periods of years ahead (Atkinson et al., 1993; Hurlock, 1964). In addition, Piaget’s poignant attention to children’s cognitive development helped me realize why I was so interested in peewee wrestling at such a tender young age.            It is always worthwhile to spend ample time thinking and studying the many-faceted dimensions of human persona, from physical to cognitive and psychological areas among others. It has contributed a lot to my personal understanding of self-awareness and the development of the consciousness and sensitivity of what other humans like me are going through. It caters to a deeper understanding as well as acceptance of people’s frailties, and also their strengths. Freud, Piaget and Erikson’s theories indeed were validated basing on my personal timeline/story; no wonder that these three theories are almost forever cemented as classics in the understanding and predicting of human behavior.   Reference: Atkinson, R.L., R.C. Atkinson, E.E. Smith, D.J. Bem, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema. 1993. Introduction to psychology. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace and Company. Halonen, J.S. and J.W. Santrock (1996). Psychology: Contexts of behavior, Dubuque, IA: Brown and Benchmark, p.810. Hilgard, E.R., R.R. Atkinson, and R.C. Atkinson, (1979)1983. Introduction to psychology.7th Ed. New York: Harcourt brace Jovanich, Inc. Hurlock, E.B. 1964. Child Development. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Book Company. Piaget, J. 1963. The conception of reality in the child. New York: Ballantine Books. Plotnik, R. 1996. Introduction to psychology. 4th ed. Pacific Grove, California 93950: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Appendix MAJOR POINTS ON MY PERSONAL TIMELINE: -Birth date is April 28, 1983 -start walking at 14 months; -Travel to Costa Rica with Grandparents at age 40; -start peewee wrestling at age 8 -graduate from junior high at age14/ enter high school; -Got license and buy own car at age 16 -graduated high school at age 18/start college; -Joined the army National Guard at age 19 -got married/have first child at age 21; -Deployed to Iraq at age 23- have twins at age 23 POSSIBLE FUTURE OUTCOMES (age represented is my possible age) Graduate and become nurse by age 27 -move to new city by age 30; -daughter start high school at age 35 -twins start high school at age 38 -daughter graduates high school/starts college at age 39; -Twins graduate high school/start college at age 42 -daughter gets married at age 45 -first grandchild at age 48
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Free College Essays - Use of Imagery in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello
Use of Imagery in Othello  In William Shakespeare's Othello, the use of imagery and metaphors is significant in conveying meaning as it helps to establish the dramatic atmosphere of the play and reinforce the main themes. Through this, the audience is able to grasp a better understanding of the play. Throughout Othello, images relating to poison frequently occur. These references are predominantly made by Iago. This seems appropriate for Iago who exhibits the characteristics of poison; they being fatal and deadly. There are several possible explanations to what motivates Iago: being overlooked for the lieutenancy, the belief that Othello and Cassio had committed adultery with his wife, though this is never really proved; class differences present in the society that made him feel inferior, and racial differences. This desire for revenge is so great it "doth, like a poisonous mineral, gnaw [his] inwards." Iago's use of language is a primary weapon in manipulating Othello. By "pour[ing] this pestilence into his ear", Iago contaminates his thoughts. Once Othello starts to doubt Desdemona's fidelity, he is so incredibly driven by jealousy that it leads him to murder her, ironically with poison. Many references are made to animals in the play. Iago uses beast imagery to express his contempt and to downgrade those he despises. Early in Act 1, he rouses Brabantio's anger by using crude images of animals fornicating to inform him that his "daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." Such a metaphor is designed to evoke a strong emotional response. In a soliloquy at the conclusion of Act One, Iago says "It is engendered. Hell and night / Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light." Shakespeare uses the image of a monster being born as a metaphor for the start of Iago's evil scheming. It also becomes evident that Othello's mind has been corrupted by Iago's evil handiwork when he too starts to use the same sort of animal imagery in his speech. In one scene, convinced of his wife's infidelity, Othello loses all self-control crying out "goats and monkeys," animals traditionally considered lascivious. There is also a wealth of heaven and hell imagery in Othello. Iago, who is Machiavellian in nature and revels in tormenting others, can be perceived as the devil personified. Even he himself acknowledges this when he says "devils will the blackest sins put on...suggest at first with heavenly shows / As I do now.
Monday, January 13, 2020
Listening awareness between a Man and Woman Essay
It’s a learning experience to discuss communication variances between men and woman, but society must also forget, even for a brief moment that, â€Å"Men are from Mars, Woman are from Venus†. Everyone shouldn’t ponder how a woman or men would act, without knowing the self-esteem factors of listening can do. Don’t we ponder why woman are so easily give up in asking for directions, while men tend to not give up easily and try find there way out of an unknown town. Currently, society is just the beginning to understand the true differences between men and women. Besides the obvious physiological differentiations, there are also differences in the way men and women think, speak, behave and sharing listening factor variances that will help guide the way women and men can help communicate without it having any effect on one’s self-esteem. Non-verbal communication, because actions may sometimes speak louder than words â€Å" Women are more spontaneously emotionally expressive yet also have less ability in controlling their emotions, while men are more direct minded and straight to the point†(Jeff Thompson, Psychology Today Article). Body language is becoming for as a significance tool to identify any mixed signals, warning signs or welcoming behaviors between a man a woman, and this can lead to a low or high self-stem as well. Such as, people are enjoying more quiet moments, and just using welcoming body language or positive non-verbal communication, and simply the other person would listen by responding back with a sincere smile, hug, etc. Another aspect of non-verbal communication, it can send of the varied vibes of male dominance, men tend to have a more closed approach, while woman will show more affiliate body movement and response to a non-verbal reaction. Listening with reactions, and no verbal can leave men and woman having a dissimilar outlook, such as when woman touch there self’s too much, it may be identified as flirting, while the woman is seeing the man as squeamish or impatient. To say you are listening would be reinforced by eye contact and position of the body, facial expressions is a huge key factor for listening nonverbal communication. Therefore, nonverbal communication is important to resolving conflict, enjoying each other’s company, meaningful conversation and increasing trust between a man and woman. Another listening skills that will help improve men and woman self-esteem is active listening. Active listening will help improve empathy, build trust, and teach a person listen as much as he or she would speak during conversations. â€Å" Unfortunately, most people focus more on the speaking than they do on the listening†(Susan Cross, Psychology Today Article). If a women or man were to sit back an listen to what is happening, they would learn more and be able to think of a greater and responsive answer in a conversation that is happening. The problem that most people have is becoming a poor listener, because they are not actively listening or fully engulfing what is happening around they, and will is not only be perceived as rude but that they miss out on important knowledge of any given conversation, speech, for both sexes. Active listening is becoming extinct; because of modern day technology of social media is becoming more and more of a distraction. Using active listening, it will help a person understand any speaker, because the more that is being heard, the more the person and respond and reflect how the other person will be feeling. Active listening involves sensing, processing, and responding in empathic ways. Sensing, the man or woman would be able to take all that he or she is hearing and dissect a great response. Processing, is putting the pieces of the puzzle together, and responding after the active listening is to show a non-verbal response, giving a clue to the speaker that active listening is happening. In other word’s, men and woman alike should defiantly wait before they speak, a moment too soon may seem rude, not responding will leave a bitter reaction to the other person, so listen wisely with open ears and mind. A countless tool for men and women to comprehend, and learning what may affect the outcome of any given outcome, is reflective listening. For example, with active listening being used through text messages, emails, social media than a modern day phone call, reflective listening is becoming more critical to one’s communication. Various of incidents of miscommunication happens, because one person may not quietly understand a person’s reaction, were as reflective listening must be used to either help clarify what he or she is saying, or further create another question to have a more clarifying and direct response. â€Å"Empathy is surprisingly difficult to achieve. We all have a strong tendency to advise, tell, agree, or disagree from our own point of view.†( Dalmar Fisher, Communications in Organization Article). Roughly, people want acceptance, and men tend not to reflect or show a response when accepting and agreement, and men also won’t show any acceptance when it’s disagreement. Woman will easily overuse emotions, rather it be acceptance of positive or negative news. Both sides should lean towards personal and reflective stories, than what is impersonal, distant or may push the opposing person away. If a woman or man can’t fully understand what the speaker is saying, just reiterate and clarify what just happened, verses driving the speaker with questions and turning the speaker into the listener. Reflecting listening, both sides will be able to show acceptance and empathy, not with indifference, cold objectivity, or fake actions that can lower the speaker’s or person dignity. Possibly the most significant, the reflective listener will try and respond to feelings, and not just to content, but with feelings. The speaker, rather is be a man or woman is often not looking for the solution of the surface problem, but rather for a way to deal with the emotional ramifications, and when it come’s to knowing how to communicate with a man or woman’s self-esteem, were all human beings. The outcome of non-verbal communication, active listening and reflective listening with men and woman will cause relationships to develop and learn to accept empathy, increase trust with one another. Having both sides listening, it is encouraging for both sides to discover and solve problems easier; people automatically believe they are naturally born listeners. Both men and woman, ten to listen for what we want to listen, than really listen to what the speaker is saying. Great relationships, rather is be friendship, spouses, workplace are only happening with knowing what good listening skills can be brought to all ends of the table. Communications is a key factor when it comes to listening between a man a woman, if it doesn’t happen or it’s built up between both sides, it would eventually fall apart and unable to rebuild. For both sides to appreciate what is current, and with woman that tend to hold on to past, just learn from it, rather than holding on to a distant memory. Furthermore, listening does build’s lifelong foundation between people, the foundation just needs to be up kept, and for both sides to speak up, but not forgetting to listen.
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Introduction to the 12 Zodiac Signs From Aries to Pisces
Whats your Zodiac Sign? You can find out with a free birth chart. If your Zodiac sign is on the cusp (between two signs), youll want to look closely at that years exact dates.  Aries: March 21â€â€April 21 Fire Sign: Courageous, creative, spontaneous, a catalyst, forceful, an agitator, confrontational, a do-er, restless, lover of challenge, ardent, a fighter, dynamic, a leader.  The Ram is brusque, aggressive and lacks subtlety. Aries in Love is a passionate fool. Taurus: April 21â€â€May 21 Earth Sign: Goal-oriented, lover of possessions, sensuous, takes sweet time, patient, bull-headed (stubborn), skilled artisan, resonant voice, builder, beautifier, lover of creature comforts.  The Bull is stubborn, stingy and prone to packing on the pounds.  Taurus in Love is sensual and loyal.  Gemini: May 21â€â€June 21 Air Sign: Curious, quick intellect, seeker of novelty, erratic, trendy, many sided, lackadaisical, scattered focus, adaptable, friendly, fun, a learner.  The Twins is a sign of mercurial flip-flopping and tricksterish behavior.  Gemini in Love is playful and fun. Cancer: June 21â€â€July 21 Water Sign: Emotional, absorbed in moods, cautious around new people, clingy, senses undercurrents, nurturing, keeper of family story, sensitive, hidden strength, pioneer of feeling.  The Crab is irritable and throws temper tantrums.  Cancer in Love is self-protective and nurturing.  Leo: July 21â€â€Aug. 21 Fire Sign: Smiley, proud, dignified, expressive, big-hearted, glamorous, regal air, ambitious, passionate, demands respect, lover of adventure and risk.  The Lion is an egomaniac who steals the show. Leo in Love is regal and proud. Virgo: Aug. 21â€â€Sept. 21 Earth Sign: Fastidious, always seeking to purify, lover of routine, mechanical, sincere, conscientious, critical of self and others, kind, natural, skilled, precise, articulate.  The Virgin watches over your shoulder, and is a relentless critic. Virgo in Love is sincere and discriminating. Libra: Sept. 21â€â€Oct. 21 Air Sign: Stylish, lover of beauty and art, cultural, sophisticated, intellectual, social grace, talkative, diplomatic, a natural in relationship.  The Scales is a sign of evading confrontation, and codependency. Libra in Love is a natural sounding board, with striking clarity. Scorpio: Oct. 21â€â€Nov. 21 Water Sign: Soulful, probing, driven, mesmerizing, secretive, profound, deep healer, drawn to whats occulted (hidden), lover of mysteries, at home in underworld, intensely bonded in relationships, no stranger to dark emotions.  The Scorpion has a sting, so watch out!  Scorpio in Love is secretive and intense. Sagittarius: Nov. 21â€â€Dec. 21 Fire Sign: Cheerful, athletic, a seeker, adventurer, world traveler, philosopher (lover of wisdom), refreshingly honest, dot connector, friend to all, enlivening.  The Archer hits its mark, and is frank like that, to the point of hurting others.  Sagittarius in Love is philosophical and feisty. Capricorn: Dec. 21â€â€Jan. 21 Earth Sign: Resourceful, hard-working, master of material realm, persistent, pillar of society, seeks place in establishment, fixed on tangible results, strategizer, private (though with polished public image), a leader, authority, desires to leave enduring legacy. Capricorn in Love is earthy and status-minded. Aquarius: Jan. 21â€â€Feb. 21 Air Sign: Trendsetter, flaunts convention, quirky, accepting of all, detached friendliness, otherworldly glamour, humanitarian, tuned in, visionary. Aquarius in Love is unconventional. Pisces: Feb. 21â€â€March 21 Water Sign: Enchanting, mystical, devoted, unreachable (lost child), undefined, lacking direction, slips away from anything real, artistic, ethereal, victim, overwhelmed, sublime, expressing divine in art, music or dance. Pisces in Love is romantic and enchanting.
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